Gluten Free Diet on Individuals without Celiac Disease

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The Effects of a Gluten-Free Diet on Individuals without Celiac Disease

Miranda Franco

Department of Science, Monmouth University

HE 290 02: Health Research Methods

Dr. Mercx

April 18, 2021

Gluten is a term for the prolamin storage proteins that are found in common cereal grains including, but not limited to, wheat, barley and rye (Hill, 2019, p. 1). Two of these proteins are gliadin, that allows bread to rise, and glutenins, which gives strength and elasticity to bread. Because of these properties, gluten is often used as a food additive in processed foods. Thus gluten is present in not only common grains, but also sauces and spices, such as soy sauce. The common presence of gluten in foods makes avoiding it a difficult process for individuals. For those with celiac disease and other non-celiac gluten sensitivities, following a gluten free diet is a medical necessity. However, as the GFD has gained more popularity, it has become a trend for people to follow to simply lose weight. While gluten can be harmful to specific individuals, the absence of it in the diet of others can be harmful as well.

The consumption of foods containing gluten can have a variety of adverse effects on different people. Upon eating gluten, individuals with a sensitivity of any degree may experience both intestinal and extraintestinal symptoms. The most well-known health condition related to gluten is celiac disease. Many people share a common perception that celiac disease is synonymous with any gastrointestinal issue that arises from the consumption of gluten. However, gluten consumption can affect celiac patients on a larger scale. Additionally, not all negative responses to the consumption of gluten are the result of celiac disease.

Celiac disease is classified as a “chronic immune-mediated enteropathy driven by dietary gluten,” (Katri et al., 2019, p. 1). The immune response related to the ingestion of gluten in celiac individuals can manifest itself in more ways than one, which often leads to misdiagnosis of celiac disease. The most common response is malabsorption of foods containing gluten but the symptoms can extend beyond that to multiorgan responses. As for intestinal symptoms, celiac patients can experience irregular bowel movements, gastralgia, emesis, and excessive flatulence (Katri et al., 2019, p. 6).

ADD ADDTL INTESTINAL SYMPTOMS

As aforementioned, celiac disease manifests itself in other organs outside of the gastrointestinal tract. A common extraintestinal manifestation of celiac disease is dermatitis herpetiformis, which is a gluten-induced symptom. When triggered by gluten, this autoimmune reaction causes “itchy papules and vesicles on the elbows, knees and buttocks,” (Popp and Mäki, 2019, p. 4).

In a similar fashion, neurological complications are immune mediated responses to gluten entering the bloodstream of celiac individuals. (Popp and Mäki, 2019, p. 5). Many patients with neurological conditions related to celiac disease do not also display the common gastrointestinal conditions of celiac disease (Mearns et. al., 2019, p. 2). Two of the most common neurological manifestations of celiac disease are gluten ataxia and peripheral neuropathy. The onset of both of the mentioned conditions is typically insidious, thus a celiac patient may be unaware of his or her diagnosis until reaching the approximate age of 55. A celiac patient may spend the majority of his or her life consuming gluten, causing further detriment to his or her health unbeknownst to them. Gluten ataxia refers to the damage of the critical central nervous system structure, the cerebellum, by consumption of gluten. Symptoms include “difficulty with arm and leg control, gait instability, poor coordination, loss of fine motor skills such as writing, problems with talking, and visual issues” (Mearns et. al., 2019, p. 2). Celiac disease can not only affect the central nervous system but also can have an affect on the peripheral nervous system as well. Gluten-induced peripheral neuropathy, also known as gluten neuropathy, refers to the damage of the nerves of the peripheral nervous system. The nerve damage causes numbness, tingling, and pain in the extremities of celiac patients with gluten neuropathy (Mearns et. al., 2019, p. 2).

The sole cure for many manifestations of celiac disease is the adherence to a gluten free diet. Without the ingestion of gluten, an immune response will not be triggered. Thus all the symptoms that arise from the immune response will not occur. Over time, celiac patients can heal most or all of the intestinal mucosa (Itzlinger, 2018, p. 2).