Anemia and Infectious Diseases FNP perspective HW

Please respond to your peer’s posts, from an FNP perspective. To ensure that your responses are substantive, use at least two of these prompts:

Do you agree with your peers’ assessment?
Take an opposing view to a peer and present a logical argument supporting an alternate opinion.
Share your thoughts on how you support their opinion and explain why.
Present new references that support your opinions.

ORDER NOW FOR CUSTOMIZED SOLUTION PAPERS

Please be sure to validate your opinions and ideas with citations and references in APA format. Substantive means that you add something new to the discussion, you aren’t just agreeing. This is also a time to ask questions or offer information surrounding the topic addressed by your peers. Personal experience is appropriate for a substantive discussion and should be correlated to the literature.Be sure to review your APA errors in your reference list, specifically you have capitalization errors in some words of the titles.Include the DOI. Also, be sure you are italicizing titles of online sources.No more than 200 words maximum.

Please respond to at least 2 of your peer’s posts. To ensure that your responses are substantive, use at least two of these prompts:

Do you agree with your peers’ assessment?
Take an opposing view to a peer and present a logical argument supporting an alternate opinion.
Share your thoughts on how you support their opinion and explain why.
Present new references that support your opinions.

Please be sure to validate your opinions and ideas with citations and references in APA format.

Discuss general principles of cancer management in the aging adult.
Discuss the causes and management of the aging adult with anemia.
The clinical presentation, management and treatment modalities of common infectious diseases in the older adult.
Sarah’s Response:Anemia Anemia can be a major risk factor for adverse events and increased morbidity and mortality in elder patients. Even with mild anemia (hemoglobin levels less than ten g/dL) it is associated with significant negative outcomes, including decreased physical performance, increased falls, increased frailty, decreased cognition, dementia, and increased hospitalization (Goodnough & Schrier, 2014). In elder patients, there is usually an etiology for the presentation of anemia that requires further investigation.Causes As the body ages, there tends to be decreased red blood cell production. Red blood cell production can also be slowed by factors such as medications, chronic diseases, alcohol abuse, malnutrition, and renal disease (Geriatrics Healthcare Professionals, 2019). Red blood cell destruction also increases. Red blood cells can be destroyed in elderly patients due to immunological diseases, medications, tumors, or infectious processes (Geriatrics Healthcare Professionals, 2019). The actual loss of blood can result in anemia as well. Blood loss in the elderly population can occur due to renal stones, polyps, or surgical procedures (Geriatrics Healthcare Professionals, 2019). Iron-deficiency anemia, anemia of chronic disease, and anemia of B12 and folate deficiencies are three common anemias observed in older patients.Iron-deficiency Anemia A common cause of iron-deficiency anemia in the elder adult is chronic blood loss, which is usually originating from the gastrointestinal tract. This kind of bleeding can be caused by bleeding ulcers, polyps, cancer, or chronic irritation of the lining of the gastrointestinal tract and often is invisible to the naked eye until further diagnostics are conducted (Geriatrics Healthcare Professionals, 2019). Oral iron supplements are usually the treatment of choice. A common treatment schedule is 325 mg of ferrous sulfate twice daily, taken one hour before or two hours after a meal, for six months; administered in combination with orange juice, oral vitamin C, and/or B12 supplements for better absorption (Geriatrics Healthcare Professionals, 2019). Diet modifications with consumption of iron-rich foods is also appropriate for treating iron-deficiency anemia. Anemia of Chronic Disease Anemia of chronic disease can result from sustained inflammation, ongoing infections, tissue damage, various forms of arthritis, benign or malignant tumors, or a variety of other chronic medical conditions (Geriatrics Healthcare Professionals, 2019). These disease processes ultimately prevent bone marrow from being productive. Treatment is usually based around the cause and symptoms of the anemic state. Patien0st with severe symptoms of anemia with a correlating low blood count may require blood transfusions. In hemolytic anemia a steroid regiment or a splenectomy maybe warranted. Anemia caused by kidney disease or chemotherapy might require injection treatments such as erythropoietin stimulating agents to increase red blood cell production in the bone marrow (Geriatrics Healthcare Professionals, 2019).Anemia of B12 and Folate Deficiencies Vitamin B12 deficiency is a common finding in the elderly population. Vitamin B12 and folate are two important vitamins required for red blood cell production. Treatment for vitamin B12 or folate deficiency anemia is periodic injections or oral supplements of vitamin B12 and/or folic acid (Geriatrics Healthcare Professionals, 2019).ReferencesGeriatrics Healthcare Professionals. (2019). FILLER TEXT, FILLER TEXTinfection, and celiac disease” (Ham et al., 2014). B12 deficiency occurs from the inability to to digest B12 in food. Drug induced B12 deficiency is also common as patients taking proton pump inhibitors and metformin are at an increased risk. Anemia of unknown cause may be related to early cases of myelodysplasia, unrecognized chronic renal insufficiency, glomerular filtration rate of less than 60 ml/minute, hypogonadism, nutrition or erythropoietin deficiency (Ham et al., 2014).
The management of anemia focuses on the replenishing the nutritional deficiencies as well as identifying and treating the underlying causes. In severe cases of anemia, red blood cell transfusions may be indicated. Intravenous iron replacement is recommended when the absorption of iron may be compromised. To treat pernicious anemia, oral Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) at high doses is effective. Anemia of chronic disease may require treatment with subcutaneous erythropoietin alpha or darbepoetin alpha (Ham et al., 2014).
Artz, A. (2019). Anemia in Elderly Persons. Retrieved from https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1339998-overview#a1 (Links to an external site.)
Ham, R., Sloane, P., Warshaw, G., Potter, J., Flaherty, E. (2014). Primary care geriatrics: A case-based approach (6th ed.). Philadelphia, PA.: Elsevier ISBN 978-0-323-08936-4
FILLER TEXT